Cube polarizer with minimal optical path length difference

ABSTRACT

The cube polarizer can have modified prism dimensions to satisfy the following equation: 
                        OPL   T     -     OPL   R            &lt;       0.5   *   t   *     n   p         2         ,         
where an optical path length is a distance of light travel through a material times an index of refraction of the material, OPL T  is an optical path length of the transmitted beam, OPL R  is an optical path length of the reflected beam, t is a thickness of the substrate between the first surface and the second surface of the substrate, and n p  is an index of refraction of the first prism.

PRIORITY CLAIM

Priority is claimed to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/004,010, filed May 28, 2014, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present application is related generally to polarizing beam splitters, especially wire grid polarizers disposed inside of a cube.

BACKGROUND

Wire grid polarizers can be fastened inside of a cube. A cube polarizer can be better than a plate polarizer to (1) reduce astigmatism; (2) provide a mechanical structure, which can allow attachment of other devices (e.g. other polarizers or an LCOS imager); and (3) reduce wavefront distortion.

As shown in FIG. 13, a cube polarizer 130 can include a wire grid polarizer 131 sandwiched between two prisms—prism_(A) 135 and prism_(B) 136. The wire grid polarizer 131 can include wires 131 _(w) disposed over a substrate 131 _(s). The cube polarizer 130 is not drawn to scale. In one example of a cube polarizer, the cube can be 10 millimeters (mm) wide, the substrate 131 _(s) can be 0.7 mm thick, and the wires 131 _(w) can be about 0.0003 mm thick. Thus, in order to show all components of the cube polarizer 130, the drawings have not been drawn to scale.

An unpolarized light beam U can enter one side (outer face_(A)) of prism_(A) 135 and can be polarized into a reflected beam R and a transmitted beam T. The reflected beam R can reflect off the wires 131 _(w) of the wire grid polarizer 131, continue through prism_(A) 135, and exit through another side (outer side_(A)) of prism_(A) 135. The transmitted beam T can transmit through the polarizer 131 and prism_(B) 136, and exit through a side (outer face_(B)) of prism_(B) 136.

The reflected beam R has an optical path length OPL_(R) and the transmitted beam T has an optical path length OPL_(T). The optical path length OPL is defined as the actual physical distance the light travels through the cube polarizer times an index of refraction n of the material(s) through which the light travels.

In some cube polarizer designs, there is a substantial difference in optical path length between the reflected and transmitted beams due to a thickness t of the substrate 131 _(s) (see FIGS. 13 and 14). For example, both prisms 135 and 136 can have the same size, and can be combined such that edges 137 of the prisms 135 and 136 align with edges of the wire grid polarizer 131. The wire grid polarizer 131 can be disposed at a 45° angle between the prisms 135 and 136, such that light entering perpendicularly to the outer face_(A) will meet the wire grid polarizer 131 at a 45° angle. The wire grid polarizer 131 can have wires 131 _(w) on one face of the wire grid polarizer 131. This cube may be physically symmetric based on outer dimensions, but not optically symmetrical due to the effect of the thickness t of the substrate 131 _(s). Following are calculations showing this lack of optical symmetry. See reference variables in FIGS. 13 and 14 and definitions below. Note that FIG. 14 shows only the substrate 131 _(s) of the wire grid polarizer 131 without the wires 131 _(w).

$\mspace{20mu}{{{1.\mspace{14mu} d_{4}^{2}} = {t^{2} + t^{2}}},{d_{4} = {{\sqrt{2}*{t.\mspace{20mu} 2.}\mspace{14mu}{OPL}_{R}} = {{{d_{1}*n_{p}} + {d_{3}*n_{p}} - {{\frac{d_{4}*n_{p}}{2}.3.}\mspace{14mu}{OPL}_{R}}} = {{d_{1}*n_{p}} + {d_{2}*n_{p}} - \frac{t*n_{p}}{\sqrt{2}}}}}},\left( {d_{2} = {{d_{3}\mspace{14mu}{and}\mspace{14mu} d_{4}} = {\sqrt{2}*t}}} \right)}$ $\mspace{20mu}{{{4.\mspace{14mu}{OPL}_{T}} = {{{d_{1}*n_{p}} + {d_{2}*n_{p}} - {\sqrt{2}*t*n_{p}} + {\sqrt{2}*t*{n_{s}.5.}\mspace{14mu}\Delta\;{OPL}}} = {{{{OPL}_{T} - {OPL}_{R}}} = {{{{- \sqrt{2}}*t*n_{p}} + {\sqrt{2}*t*n_{s}} + \frac{t*n_{p}}{\sqrt{2}}} = {{{\frac{t*\left( {{2*n_{s}} - n_{p}} \right)}{\sqrt{2}}.\mspace{20mu} 6.}\mspace{14mu}{If}\mspace{14mu} n_{s}} = n_{p}}}}}},{{{then}\mspace{14mu}\Delta\;{OPL}} = {\frac{t*n_{p}}{\sqrt{2}}.}}}$ Reference variable definitions:

-   -   d₁ is a distance from the outer face_(A) to a center of the         polarizer 131.     -   d₂ is a distance from the outer face_(B) to a center of the         polarizer 131.     -   d₃ is a distance from where the light is polarized to the outer         side_(A). Due to structural symmetry of the cube, d₂ can equal         d₃.     -   d₄ is a distance of travel of the transmitted beam 104 through         the polarizer 131.     -   n_(p) is an index of refraction of the prisms (assuming both         prisms have the same index).     -   n_(s) is an index of refraction of the substrate. Any thin films         on the substrate 131 _(s) are ignored as they are negligible         relative to a thickness of the substrate 131 _(s).     -   t is a thickness of the substrate. t is also a third leg of a         triangle formed by d₄ and t for a light beam U meeting the         polarizer at a 45° angle.     -   ΔOPL is an absolute difference in optical path length between         the transmitted beam T and the reflected beam R.

This difference in optical path length

${\Delta\;{OPL}} = \frac{t*n_{p}}{\sqrt{2}}$ can cause problems in some applications. Methods have been proposed to solve such problems, some of which may be impractical due to high manufacturing cost.

Curvature of a wire grid polarizer 131 in a cube can cause problems. The wire grid polarizer can curve due to stresses induced by the wires or other thin films adjacent to the wires. This curvature can result in a reflected light beam reflected off of one region of the polarizer having a different optical path length than a reflected light beam reflected off of another region of the polarizer, thus causing wavefront distortion. There can be a similar problem with the transmitted beam.

Information relevant to wire grid polarizers and polarizing cubes can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 8,467,128; U.S. Pat. No. 7,570,424; U.S. Pat. No. 7,085,050; U.S. Pat. No. 6,288,840; U.S. Patent Publication Number 2007/0297052; and in the publication “A new type of beam splitting polarizer cube,” Meadowlark Optics, Thomas Baur, 2005, pages 1-9.

SUMMARY

It has been recognized that it would be advantageous to have a cube polarizer with minimal difference in optical path length between reflected and transmitted beams. It has been recognized that it would be advantageous to have a cube polarizer with flat wire grid polarizer and minimal wavefront distortion. The present invention is directed to various embodiments of cube polarizers that satisfy these needs. Each embodiment may satisfy one or both of these needs.

In one embodiment, the cube polarizer can comprise a first prism and a second prism. The first prism can include two triangular faces linked by an inner face (inner face₁), an outer face (outer face₁), and an outer side (outer side₁). There can be a junction of the inner face and the outer side defining a first edge (first edge₁). The second prism can include two triangular faces linked by an inner face (inner face₂), an outer face (outer face₂), and an outer side (outer side₂). The cube polarizer can comprise a wire grid polarizer. The wire grid polarizer can include a substrate having a first surface and an opposite second surface substantially parallel to the first surface. An array of parallel, elongated, separated wires can be disposed over the first surface of the substrate. The wire grid polarizer can be sandwiched between the first prism and the second prism such that: (1) the second surface of the substrate is attached to and faces the inner face₂; (2) the wires are attached to and face the inner face₁; the outer face₁ is opposite to the outer face₂; and the outer side₁ is opposite to the outer side₂. A plane of the outer face₂ (face plane₂) can be substantially aligned with the first edge₁.

In another embodiment, the cube polarizer can comprise a first prism and a second prism. The first prism can include two triangular faces linked by an inner face (inner face₁), an outer face (outer face₁), and an outer side (outer side₁). The second prism can include two triangular faces linked by an inner face (inner face₂), an outer face (outer face₂), and an outer side (outer side₂). The cube polarizer can comprise a wire grid polarizer. The wire grid polarizer can include an array of parallel, elongated, separated wires sandwiched between a first substrate and a second substrate. Each substrate can have a thickness of greater than 0.4 millimeters. The wire grid polarizer can be sandwiched between the inner faces of the prisms.

In another embodiment, a cube polarizer can be designed for polarization of light including a wavelength λ. The cube polarizer can comprise a first prism, a second prism, and a wire grid polarizer sandwiched between inner faces of the prisms. The wire grid polarizer can include a substrate having a first surface and an opposite second surface substantially parallel to the first surface. There can be a material (material) disposed over the first surface of the substrate. The material₁ can include an array of parallel, elongated, separated wires. There can be a thin film (thin film₂) disposed over the second surface. The thin film₂ can include a material and a thickness to reduce a curvature of the first surface in order to minimize wavefront distortion.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of a cube polarizer, with a closely aligned first edge₁ and face plane₂, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic side view of the cube polarizer of FIG. 1, showing an unpolarized beam, a reflected beam, and a transmitted beam, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective view of a first prism and a second prism of the cube polarizer of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a schematic side view of a cube polarizer, including a wire grid polarizer with wires sandwiched between a first substrate and a second substrate, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 5-6 are detailed, schematic, side-views of corners of the cube polarizer of FIG. 4, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic side view of the cube polarizer of FIG. 4, showing an unpolarized beam, a reflected beam, and a transmitted beam, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a schematic side view of a cube polarizer, with a wire grid polarizer having a thin film disposed over a back side of the substrate in order to flatten the wire grid polarizer, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 9-12 are schematic cross-sectional side views of portions of wire grid polarizers, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a schematic side view of a cube polarizer, in accordance with the prior art; and

FIG. 14 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a portion of a substrate of a wire grid polarizer, in accordance with the prior art.

DEFINITIONS

As used herein, “cube” means a solid that is bounded by six faces. Each face need not be square, rectangle, or parallelogram. At least one of the faces can have a curved surface, such as a parabolic shape for example.

As used herein, the term “light” can mean light or electromagnetic radiation in the x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, and/or infrared, or other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

As used herein “thin film” means a substantially continuous or unbroken film of material having a thickness not larger than three times a maximum wavelength in the light spectrum of interest. “Substantially continuous” in this definition means that there may be some discontinuity, such as pinholes, but no major discontinuity, such as a division into a grid or separate wires.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various cube polarizer and wire grid polarizer designs will be described and shown in the figures. These cube polarizers and wire grid polarizers are not necessarily drawn to scale. Due to a relatively large size of prisms of the cubes, smaller size of wire grid polarizer substrates, and very small size of wires or thin films, it would be impractical to draw to scale. Some dimensions of these components are specified below and others are known in the art.

As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, a cube polarizer 10 is shown comprising a first prism 15 and a second prism 16. This cube polarizer 10 can be designed for equal, or nearly equal, optical path lengths of a reflected beam R and a transmitted beam T of light. It has been recognized that it can be important to keep these two optical path lengths as close to equal as possible. Examples of applications which require equal (or near equal) optical path lengths are interferometry and 3D projection displays.

The first prism 15 can include two triangular faces linked by an inner face (inner face₁), an outer face (outer face₁), and an outer side (outer side₁). A junction of the inner face and the outer side₁ defines a first edge (first edge₁). A junction of the outer face₁ and the outer side₁ defines a second edge (second edge₁). A junction of the inner face and the outer face defines a third edge (third edge₁). A distance from the first edge₁ to the second edge defines an outer side length (L_(OS1)). A distance from the second edge₁ to the third edge defines an outer face length₁ (L_(OF1)).

The second prism 16 can include two triangular faces linked by an inner face (inner face₂), an outer face (outer face₂), and an outer side (outer side₂). A junction of the inner face₂ and the outer side₂ defines a first edge (first edge₂). A junction of the outer face₂ and the outer side₂ defines a second edge (second edge₂). A junction of the inner face₂ and the outer face₂ defines a third edge (third edge₂). A distance from the first edge₂ to the second edge₂ defines an outer side length₂ (L_(OS2)). A distance from the second edge₂ to the third edge₂ defines an outer face length₂ (L_(OF2)).

The cube polarizer 10 can include a wire grid polarizer 11. The wire grid polarizer can be made according to one of the various embodiments of wire grid polarizers 90, 41, 110, and 120 shown in FIGS. 9-12. The wire grid polarizer 11 can include a substrate 92 having a first surface 92 _(f) and an opposite second surface 92 _(s) substantially parallel to the first surface 92 _(f). An array of parallel, elongated, separated wires 91 (separated by gaps G) can be disposed over the first surface 92 _(f) of the substrate 92. The wire grid polarizer 11 can be sandwiched between the first prism 15 and the second prism 16 such that: (1) the second surface 92 _(s) of the substrate 92 is attached to and faces the inner face₂; (2) the wires 91 are attached to and face the inner face₁; (3) the outer face₁ is opposite to the outer face₂; (4) and the outer side₁ is opposite to the outer side₂.

An unpolarized light beam U can enter through the outer face₁. The unpolarized light beam U can be polarized at the wire grid polarizer 11, forming (1) a transmitted beam T of light transmitting through the wire grid polarizer 11 and exiting through the outer face₂; and (2) a reflected beam R of light reflecting off of the wire grid polarizer 11 and exiting through the outer side₁. The cube polarizer 10 can be designed for equal, or nearly equal, optical path lengths of the reflected beam R and the transmitted beam T. Optical path length is a distance of light travel through a material times an index of refraction of the material.

One way of equalizing, or nearly equalizing, the optical path lengths of the reflected beam R and the transmitted beam T is to align a plane (face plane₂) of the outer face₂ with the first edge₁. Exact alignment can be optimal, but considerable benefit can be gained by substantial alignment. Imperfections in manufacturing may make exact alignment too difficult. This alignment can be quantified by a distance d₁₁ between the face plane₂ and the first edge₁. For exact alignment, d₁₁=0. Substantial alignment can be d₁₁<500 micrometers in one aspect, d₁₁<100 micrometers in another aspect, or d₁₁<10 micrometers in another aspect. Such alignment can equalize, or nearly equalize, optical path lengths of the reflected beam R and the transmitted beam T.

This alignment can be done by shifting the second prism 16 down and to the left (based on view of FIGS. 1-2) or by decreasing L_(OS2) relative to L_(OS1). L_(OS1) minus L_(OS2) can be between 500 micrometers and 1000 micrometers in one aspect. The actual desired difference between L_(OS1) and L_(OS2) can depend on a thickness t of the substrate 92.

In some designs, it can be desirable to have L_(OS1)>L_(OS2) and L_(OF1)>L_(OF2). Having L_(OS1)>L_(OS2) and L_(OF1)>L_(OF2) may be desirable to form a square end of the cube polarizer 10 where the triangular faces of the prisms 15 and 16 join, to allow the cube polarizer 10 to fit into a structure where the cube polarizer 10 will be used, or to avoid an edge of a prism sticking out beyond the rest of the cube where it could be damaged. Having L_(OS1)>L_(OS2) and L_(OF1)>L_(OF2) may be desirable if the cube polarizer 10 is designed to allow unpolarized light to enter through the outer side₁ and it is important for reflected and transmitted beams from this light to also have equal, or nearly equal optical path lengths.

Thus, in addition to aligning the face plane₂ with the first edge₁, a plane (side plane₂) of the outer side₂ can be substantially aligned with the third edge₁, thus minimizing a distance d₁₂ between the side plane₂ and the third edge₁. d₁₂ can be less than 500 micrometers in one aspect, less than 100 micrometers in another aspect, or less than 10 micrometers in another aspect. L_(OF1) minus L_(OF2) can be between 500 micrometers and 1000 micrometers in one aspect. The actual desired difference between L_(OF1) and L_(OF2) can depend on a thickness t of the substrate 92.

By minimizing the distances d₁₁ and/or d₁₂, optical path lengths of the reflected beam R and the transmitted beam T can be equal or substantially equal. Thus, the cube polarizer 10 can satisfy the equation

${{{OPL}_{T} - {OPL}_{R}}} < \frac{0.5*t*n_{p}}{\sqrt{2}}$ in one aspect, can satisfy the equation

${{{OPL}_{T} - {OPL}_{R}}} < \frac{0.5*t*n_{p}}{\sqrt{2}}$ in another aspect, can satisfy the equation

${{{OPL}_{T} - {OPL}_{R}}} < \frac{0.01*t*n_{p}}{\sqrt{2}}$ another aspect, or can satisfy the equation

${{{OPL}_{T} - {OPL}_{R}}} < \frac{0.001*t*n_{p}}{\sqrt{2}}$ in another aspect, wherein:

-   -   OPL_(T) is an optical path length of the transmitted beam T;     -   OPL_(R) is an optical path length of the reflected beam R;     -   t is a thickness of the substrate 92 between the first surface         92 _(f) and the second surface 92 _(s); and     -   n_(p) is an Index of refraction of the first prism 15.         |OPL_(T)−OPL_(R)| can be less than 500 micrometers in one         aspect, less than 100 micrometers in another aspect, less than         10 micrometers in another aspect, or less than 1 micrometer in         another aspect.

Illustrated in FIG. 3 are a first prism 35 and a second prism 36 in schematic perspective view, to more clearly show the sides, faces, and edges of the prisms. The first prism 35 can include two triangular faces 31 and 32 linked by an inner face (inner faces), an outer face (outer faces), and an outer side (outer sides). The second prism 36 can include two triangular faces 33 and 34 linked by an inner face (inner face₂), an outer face (outer face₂), and an outer side (outer side₂). These prisms 35 and 36 are applicable to all embodiments described herein.

Illustrated in FIGS. 4-7 is another embodiment of a cube polarizer 40. The cube polarizer 40 can include a wire grid polarizer 41 sandwiched between the inner faces of a first prism 45 and a second prism 46.

The first prism 45 can Include two triangular faces linked by an inner face (inner faces), an outer face (outer faces), and an outer side (outer sides). A junction of the inner faces and the outer sides defines a first edge (first edges). A junction of the inner faces and the outer faces defines a third edge (third edges).

The second prism 46 can include two triangular faces linked by an inner face (inner face₂), an outer face (outer face₂), and an outer side (outer side₂). A junction of the inner face₂ and the outer side₂ defines a first edge (first edge₂). A junction of the Inner face₂ and the outer face₂ defines a third edge (third edge₂).

The cube polarizer 40 can be designed for equal, or nearly equal, optical path lengths of a reflected beam R and a transmitted beam T. Such equality of optical path lengths can be achieved by wire grid polarizer symmetry and prism symmetry.

For wire grid polarizer symmetry, the wire grid polarizer 41 can include an array of parallel, elongated, separated wires 91 (separated by gaps G) sandwiched between a first substrate 92 and a second substrate 104, as shown in FIGS. 10-11. The wires 91 can be added to the first substrate 92 by standard thin film deposition and patterning techniques. The second substrate 104 can be attached on top of the wires 91 by an adhesive.

The substrates 92 and 104 can be thick in an optical sense (e.g. not thin films) in order to provide structural support for the wire grid polarizer 41. A thickness th₉₂ of the first substrate 92 and a thickness th₁₀₄ of the second substrate 104 can both be greater than 0.4 millimeters in one aspect, greater than 0.5 millimeters in another aspect, or between 0.4 and 1.4 millimeters in another aspect. For wire grid polarizer symmetry, the thickness th₉₂ of the first substrate 92 can equal or substantially equal the thickness th₁₀₄ of the second substrate 104.

A wire grid polarizer 110, as shown in FIG. 11, can be used in the cube polarizer 40 instead of wire grid polarizer 41. Wire grid polarizer 110 includes a first thin film 93, such as silicon dioxide for example, disposed above the wires 91. The first thin film 93 can also be disposed in and can substantially fill the gaps G between the wires. For symmetry, a thickness th₉₂ of the first substrate 92 can equal or substantially equal a combined thickness th₁₀₄₊₉₃ of the second substrate 104 and the first thin film 93 above the wires 91. Due to the small thickness of the first thin film 93, however, its thickness might be ignored, and a cube polarizer designer might only consider thicknesses th₉₂ and th₁₀₄ of the substrates 92 and 104. Wire grid polarizers 90 and 120, as shown in FIGS. 9 and 12, can also be used in cube polarizer 80, with the addition of a second substrate 104.

For prism symmetry, a size of the two triangular faces of the first prism 45 can equal or substantially equal a size of the two triangular faces of the second prism 46. For equal or substantially equal optical path lengths, the first prism 45 can be made of substantially the same material as the second prism 46. Alternatively, there can be differences of materials and index of refraction between the prisms, and such differences can be compensated for by differences in size between the prisms, but such a design can be complex. Symmetry of both material and size can be a simple way to obtain equivalent optical path lengths.

In addition to equal or similar prism 45 and 46 size and material, alignment of the prisms 45 and 46 can also be important for symmetry of the cube polarizer 40. The following description, and FIGS. 5 and 6, describe and show such alignment. As shown in FIG. 5, a plane of the outer face₂ (face plane₂) can cross perpendicularly a plane of the outer side₁ (side plane₁) at a first junction 42. A distance d₁₄ between the first edge and the first junction 42 can equal, or substantially equal, a distance d₁₃ between the third edge₂ and the first junction 42. As shown in FIG. 6, a plane of the outer face (face plane₁) can cross perpendicularly a plane of the outer side₂ (side plane₂) at a second junction 43. A distance d₁₆ between the first edge₂ and the second junction 43 can equal, or substantially equal, a distance d₁₅ between the third edge₁ and the second junction 43.

Cube symmetry, due to combined wire grid polarizer symmetry and prism symmetry, can allow equal, or substantially equal optical path lengths as described below and shown in FIG. 7. An unpolarized beam of light U, having a wavelength λ, can enter the cube polarizer 40 through the outer face₁ and be polarized at the wire grid polarizer 41, forming (1) a reflected beam R of light reflecting off of the wire grid polarizer 41 and exiting through the outer side₁ and (2) a transmitted beam T of light transmitting through the wire grid polarizer 41 and exiting through the outer face₂. An absolute value of a difference between an optical path length (OPL_(T)) of the transmitted beam T minus an optical path length (OPL_(R)) of the reflected beam R (|OPL_(T)−OPL_(R)|) can be less than 100*A in one aspect, less than 10*A in another aspect, less than 500 micrometers in another aspect, less than 100 micrometers in another aspect, less than 10 micrometers in another aspect, or less than 1 micrometer in another aspect. The optical path length (OPL) is a distance of light travel through a material times an index of refraction of the material.

Curvature of a wire grid polarizer in a cube can cause problems. The wire grid polarizer can curve due to stresses induced by the wires, or other thin films adjacent to the wires. This curvature can result in a reflected light beam from one region of the polarizer having a different optical path length than a reflected light beam from another region of the polarizer, thus causing wavefront distortion. There can be a similar problem with the transmitted beam.

This curvature problem can be solved or improved as shown on cube polarizer 80 and wire grid polarizer 90 in FIGS. 8 and 9 and as described below. The cube polarizer 80 can be designed for polarization of light including a wavelength λ.

The cube polarizer 80 can include a first prism 85 and a second prism 86. The first prism 85 can include two triangular faces linked by an inner face, an outer face (outer face₁), and an outer side (outer side₁). The second prism 86 can include two triangular faces linked by an inner face, an outer face (outer face₂), and an outer side (outer side₂).

A wire grid polarizer 90 can be sandwiched between the inner faces of the prisms 85 and 86. The wire grid polarizer 90 can include a substrate 92 having a first surface 92 _(f) and an opposite second surface 92 _(s) substantially parallel to the first surface 92 _(f). There can be a material (material₁) 96 disposed over the first surface 92 _(f) of the substrate 92. The material₁ 96 can include an array of parallel, elongated, separated wires 91 (separated by gaps G). Material₁ 96 can also include other thin films 93 and/or 94 as will be described below. There can be a thin film (thin film₂) 95 disposed over the second surface 92 _(s). The thin film₂ 95 can balance stresses caused by material₁ 96, thus reducing curvature of the wire grid polarizer 90 and reducing wavefront distortion.

This reduced wavefront distortion can be demonstrated by minimal variation of optical path lengths of light beams, such as for example light beams 82-84. Light beams, including light beams 82-84, can enter through the outer face₁, can reflect off of portions of the wire grid polarizer 90 within the cube polarizer 80, then can exit through the outer side₁. Light beams can reflect off of all portions of the wires 91 of the wire grid polarizer 90 within the cube polarizer 80. These light beams can include (1) a light beam having a shortest optical path length (OPL_(S)) and (2) a light beam having a longest optical path length (OPL_(L)). Optical path length is a distance of light travel through a material times an index of refraction of the material. A difference between the OPL_(L) and the OPL_(S) defines a peak to valley (PTV). In other words, |OPL_(L)−OPL_(S)|=PTV. The thin film₂ 95 can include a material and a thickness to reduce a curvature of the wire grid polarizer 90 such that the PTV is less than λ/2 in one aspect, less than λ/4 in another aspect, less than λ/8 in another aspect, less than 500 nanometers in another aspect, less than 350 nanometers in another aspect, or less than 100 nanometers in another aspect.

One way for the thin film₂ 95 to balance stresses caused by the material₁ 96 is for the thin film₂ to include a same material as in the material₁ 96. For example, if the material₁ includes silicon dioxide, then the thin film₂ can also include silicon dioxide; or if the material includes titanium dioxide, then the thin flim₂ can also include titanium dioxide. Another way for the thin film₂ 95 to balance stresses caused by the material₁ 96 is to have similar thicknesses between the thin film₂ 95 and the material₁ 96.

Use of the thin film₂ 95 for reduction of wavefront distortion can also be used in cube polarizers 10 and 40. Thus, the benefits of reduced wavefront distortion can be combined with the benefits of equalizing optical path lengths of reflected and transmitted beams.

Shown in FIG. 9 is a wire grid polarizer 90 which can be used in the various cube polarizers 10, 40, and 80 described above. Specifics of this design, including materials and thicknesses, can improve overall cube polarizer performance. A first thin film 93 can fill gaps G between the wires 91 and can extend above the wires 91. The first thin film 93 can comprise silicon dioxide. The first thin film 93 can extend above the wires 91 for a thickness th₉₃ of between 40 and 120 nanometers. A second thin film 94 can be disposed over the first thin film 93. The second thin film 94 can comprise titanium dioxide. The second thin film 94 can have a thickness th₉₄ of between 50 and 150 nanometers. If a thin film₂ 95 is disposed over the second surface 92 _(s) of the substrate, for reduced wire grid polarizer 90 curvature, then this thin film₂ 95 can include silicon dioxide having a thickness th₉₅ of between 80 and 300 nanometers.

In some applications of cube polarizers, both the reflected beam R and the transmitted beam T are used and it may be desirable to reflect one polarization as much as possible. In other applications, it can be beneficial to suppress or absorb the reflected beam R. For example, the reflected beam R may interfere with other devices in the system where the cube polarizer is used. Shown in FIG. 12 is a wire grid polarizer 120 which can be used in the various cube polarizers 10, 40, and 80 described above. For cube polarizer 10, 40, or 80, designed to polarize light including a wavelength λ, the wires 91 can include a layer of metal 121 and a layer of a material (absorptive layer) 122 that is substantially absorptive of light having the wavelength λ. The cube polarizer 10, 40, or 80 can polarize an incoming beam of light having the wavelength λ into a first beam that is primarily reflected or absorbed by the wires 91 and a second beam that is primarily transmitted through the wires 91. At least 75% of the first beam can be absorbed by the wires in one aspect, at least 85% in another aspect, or at least 92% in another aspect.

The prisms in the cube polarizers 10, 40, and 80 described herein can be triangular prisms. The inner faces, outer sides, and outer faces of the prisms can have a parallelogram shape, can be rectangular, can be square, but need not be such shapes. The two triangular faces of each prism can be parallel or substantially parallel to each other, but such relationship is not required. The prisms and the wire grid polarizer substrates can be made of a material that is substantially transparent of the desired light wavelength band (e.g. glass for visible light). In one embodiment, the wires 91 can extend longitudinally in the direction of one triangular face to the other triangular face of each prism (into the page in the figures). 

What is claimed is:
 1. A cube polarizer comprising: a. a first prism including: i. two triangular faces linked by an inner face, an outer face, and an outer side; and ii. a junction of the inner face and the outer side defining a first edge; b. a second prism including two triangular faces linked by an inner face, an outer face, and an outer side; c. a wire grid polarizer including: i. a substrate having a first surface and an opposite second surface substantially parallel to the first surface; and ii. an array of parallel, elongated, separated wires disposed over the first surface of the substrate; d. the wire grid polarizer sandwiched between the first prism and the second prism such that: i. the second surface of the substrate is attached to and faces the inner face of the second prism; ii. the wires are attached to and face the inner face of the first prism; iii. the outer face of the first prism is opposite to the outer face of the second prism; and iv. the outer side of the first prism is opposite to the outer side of the second prism; e. a plane of the outer face of the second prism is substantially aligned with the first edge of the first prism such that a distance (d₁₁) between the plane of the outer face of the second prism and the first edge of the first prism is less than 100 micrometers; f. a beam of light entering through the outer face of the first prism, is polarized at the wire grid polarizer, forming: i. a transmitted beam of light transmitting through the wire grid polarizer and exiting through the outer face of the second prism; and ii. a reflected beam of light reflecting off of the wire grid polarizer and exiting through the outer side of the first prism; and g. the cube polarizer satisfies the equation: ${{{{OPL}_{T} - {OPL}_{R}}} < \frac{0.5*t*n_{p}}{\sqrt{2}}};$ where iii. an optical path length is a distance of light travel through a material times an index of refraction of the material; iv. OPL_(T) is an optical path length of the transmitted beam; v. OPL_(R) is an optical path length of the reflected beam; vi. t is a thickness of the substrate between the first surface and the second surface of the substrate; and vii. n_(p) is an index of refraction of the first prism.
 2. The cube polarizer of claim 1, wherein the distance (d₁₁) between the plane of the outer face of the second prism and the first edge of the first prism is less than 10 micrometers.
 3. The cube polarizer of claim 1, wherein the cube polarizer satisfies the equation: ${{{OPL}_{T} - {OPL}_{R}}} < {\frac{0.1*t*n_{p}}{\sqrt{2}}.}$
 4. The cube polarizer of claim 1, wherein: a. the first prism further comprises: i. a junction of the outer face of the first prism and the outer side of the first prism defines a second edge of the first prism; ii. a junction of the inner face of the first prism and the outer face of the first prism defines a third edge of the first prism; iii. a distance from the first edge of the first prism to the second edge of the first prism defines an outer side length (L_(OS1)) of the first prism; and iv. a distance from the second edge of the first prism to the third edge of the first prism defines an outer face length (L_(OF1)) of the first prism; b. the second prism further comprises: i. a junction of the inner face of the second prism and the outer side of the second prism defines a first edge of the second prism; ii. a junction of the outer face of the second prism and the outer side of the second prism defines a second edge of the second prism; iii. a junction of the inner face of the second prism and the outer face of the second prism defines a third edge of the second prism; iv. a distance from the first edge of the second prism to the second edge of the second prism defines an outer side length (L_(OS2)) of the second prism; and v. a distance from the second edge of the second prism to the third edge of the second prism defines an outer face length (L_(OF2)) of the second prism; c. the outer face length (L_(OF1)) of the first prism is greater than the outer face length (L_(OF2)) of the second prism, and the outer side length (L_(OS1)) of the first prism is greater than the outer side length (L_(OS2)) of the second prism; and d. a plane of the outer side of the second prism is substantially aligned with the third edge of the first prism such that a distance (d₁₂) between the plane of the outer side of the second prism and the third edge of the first prism is less than 100 micrometers.
 5. The cube polarizer of claim 4, wherein the distance (d₁₂) between the plane of the outer side of the second prism and the third edge of the first prism is less than 10 micrometers.
 6. The cube polarizer of claim 4, wherein a difference between the outer side length (L_(OS1)) of the first prism and the outer side length (L_(OS2)) of the second prism is greater than 500 micrometers.
 7. The cube polarizer of claim 4, wherein a difference between the outer face length (L_(OF1)) of the first prism and the outer face length (L_(OF2)) of the second prism is greater than 500 micrometers.
 8. The cube polarizer of claim 1, further comprising: a. a thin film of silicon dioxide filling gaps between the wires and extending above the wires for a thickness of between 40 and 120 nanometers; and b. a thin film of titanium dioxide disposed over the thin film of silicon dioxide, the thin film of titanium dioxide having a thickness of between 50 and 150 nanometers.
 9. The cube polarizer of claim 1, wherein: a. the cube polarizer is designed to polarize light including a wavelength λ; b. the wires include a layer of metal and a layer of a material that is substantially absorptive of light having the wavelength λ; c. the cube polarizer is capable of polarizing an incoming beam of light having the wavelength λ into a first beam that is primarily reflected or absorbed by the wires and a second beam that is primarily transmitted through the wires; and d. at least 75% of the first beam is absorbed by the wires.
 10. The cube polarizer of claim 1, further comprising a second substrate, and wherein: the array of parallel, elongated, separated wires are sandwiched between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a thickness of the first substrate and a thickness of the second substrate are both greater than 0.4 millimeters.
 11. The cube polarizer of claim 10, further comprising: a. a thin film of silicon dioxide filling gaps between the wires and extending above the wires for a thickness of between 40 and 120 nanometers; and b. a thin film of titanium dioxide disposed over the thin film of silicon dioxide, the thin film of titanium dioxide having a thickness of between 50 and 150 nanometers.
 12. The cube polarizer of claim 10, wherein: a. the cube polarizer is designed to polarize light including a wavelength λ; b. the wires include a layer of metal and a layer of a material that is substantially absorptive of light having the wavelength λ; c. the cube polarizer is capable of polarizing an incoming beam of light having the wavelength λ into a first beam that is primarily reflected or absorbed by the wires and a second beam that is primarily transmitted through the wires; and d. at least 75% of the first beam is absorbed by the wires.
 13. A The cube polarizer of claim 1 further comprising a thin film disposed over the second surface of the substrate; and wherein: a. distance of light travel through a material times an index of refraction of the material defining an optical path length; b. light beams entering through the outer face of the first prism, reflecting off of portions of the wire grid polarizer within the cube polarizer then exiting through the outer side of the first prism include: i. a light beam having a shortest optical path length (OPL_(S)); and ii. a light beam having a longest optical path length (OPL_(L)); c. a difference between the longest optical path length (OPL_(L)) and the shortest optical path length (OPL_(S)) defines a peak to valley (PTV); and d. the thin film disposed over the second surface includes a material and a thickness to reduce a curvature of the wire grid polarizer such that the peak to valley (PTV) is less than half the wavelength λ.
 14. The cube polarizer of claim 13, wherein the peak to valley PTV is less than a quarter of the wavelength λ.
 15. The cube polarizer of claim 13, wherein the peak to valley PTV is less than 350 nanometers.
 16. The cube polarizer of claim 13, wherein the thin film disposed over the second surface includes a same material as a material disposed over the first surface of the substrate of the wire grid polarizer.
 17. The cube polarizer of claim 13, wherein the thin film disposed over the second surface includes silicon dioxide.
 18. The cube polarizer of claim 13, further comprising: a. a material₁ disposed over the first surface of the substrate of the wire grid polarizer including: i. a continuous thin film of silicon dioxide filling gaps between the wires and extending, above the wires for a thickness of between 40 and 120 nanometers; and ii. a thin film of titanium dioxide disposed over the thin film of silicon dioxide, the thin film of titanium dioxide having a thickness of between 50 and 150 nanometers; and b. the thin film disposed over the second surface including silicon dioxide having a thickness of between 80 and 300 nanometers.
 19. The cube polarizer of claim 13, wherein: a. the cube polarizer is designed to polarize light including a wavelength λ; b. the wires include a layer of metal and a layer of a material that is substantially absorptive of light having the wavelength λ; c. the cube polarizer is capable of polarizing an incoming beam of light having the wavelength λ into a first beam that is primarily reflected or absorbed by the wires and a second beam that is primarily transmitted through the wires; and d. at least 75% of the first beam is absorbed by the wires. 